Beowulf Heroism Essay Free Essays

The Mercurial Definition of Heroism Throughout history, legends have been characterized as people who have relinquished themselves for the advancement of others. In any case, each culture consistently has had its own meaning of chivalry that isolated one extraordinary legend from another. During the Anglo Saxon period, individuals respected Beowulf for his resistance, fearlessness, and god-like quality. We will compose a custom article test on Beowulf Heroism Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Then again, individuals in the current time lauded Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King, Jr, for their lowliness and accomplishments as peaceful resistor. These legends reflect standards and principles that individuals held and show that meaning of courage is exceptionally versatile in various ages. In the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf, the principle character Beowulf exhibits the ethics and estimations of the Anglo Saxon occasions by releasing his powerful quality. In current viewpoint, Beowulf may simply appear as a savage killer since he totally demolishes Grendel by utilizing his exposed hands. For instance, Beowulf possibly permitted Grendel to get away from when the beast â€Å"twisted in pain† and his â€Å"muscle and bone split. In any case, Anglo Saxon writing states such an appalling demonstration of severity as a â€Å"new glory† that Beowulf had allowed. Perusers could guess from the conflict among Beowulf and Grendel that the Anglo Saxons respected Beowulf’s unfeeling annihilation of his adversaries. The Anglo Saxons’ idea of valor unmistakably goes astray from the current gallant morals since curre nt saints like Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King Jr. never utilized physical solidarity to remain against their foes. During the late nineteenth century, Korean ranchers developed discontent toward Japan’s financial mistreatment that set the value floor for every day items, for example, potatoes, rice, and lettuce. Japanese government profited by this abuse since they had the option to buy modest excess merchandise that less rich residents couldn't devour because of the significant expense set by the value floor. Thus, the Korean rancher coalition named Chamwha arranged an ambush on Japanese troop before the Ghangwha-Moon Gate. In any case, very nearly fight, the priest Tae Su Go demanded that ranchers, before Japanese’s troops, to never use savagery yet rather permit Japanese soldiers to satisfy their eagerness on the grounds that the extraordinary god Asura will pass judgment on them in hellfire. Despite the fact that Tae Su Go was quickly killed by the Japanese soldiers for disrespecting their upright natures, Chamwha lauded Tae Su as a fearless legend and used aloof obstruction in his will. Tae Su, the genuine saint of Chosun Dynasty in Korea, really grasped the current era’s ethics and qualities since he battled distinctly with his words in harmony. In addition, Martin Luther King Jr. , who battled for African American social equality during the mid-twentieth century, additionally kept up harmony while fearlessly going up against resistance from the general public. For instance, in any event, when Ku Klux Klan ambushed Dr. King’s house in 1957, King demanded that his insulted allies to determine issues in a tranquil way. The Education Forum) Although King was killed in 1968 from a gunfire, current individuals despite everything view him as an immortal saint who has battled for uniformity and human rights. Be that as it may, in comparable design to how contemporary individuals would call Beowulf a prideful warrior, Anglo Saxons may see Dr. Lord as a helpless human who has kicked the bucket without praises on the grounds that every time has its own meaning of courage. Beowulf, Tae Su Go, and Martin Luther King Jr, were particular saints from the Anglo Saxon and current times who battled against their adversaries for honorable reasons. They all exhibited each period’s ethics and qualities through their epic deeds and selflessness. Nonetheless, Beowulf utilized his physical solidarity to achieve his objective though Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King Jr. would not use viciousness to accomplish uniformity. As clear from these legends, the meaning of bravery has changed after some time. Some gallant characteristics may become old and new characteristics may rise, showing each era’s interesting ethics and qualities. The most effective method to refer to Beowulf Heroism Essay, Essays

Women’s Judo Debate Free Essays

Women’s Judo My dear individual judos, hand to hand fighting professionals and sports ladies, l, Gamma Gibbons, am pleased you have gone along with me today to unwind the sickening, unfavorable light that has been appeared upon women’s Judo as of late. In the wake of, having sadly been presented to an outrage of a one-sided article rotated around me, I felt constrained to communicate my fury and disappointment towards the misogynist, oblivious author behind these created words, Andrew M Brown. Women, why should he disclose to us which sports are socially satisfactory to rehearse? Does he reserve the option to offer chauvinist comments session our vocations, when he himself, has invested energy In a psychological ward? Mr. We will compose a custom exposition test on Women’s Judo Debate or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now . Earthy colored, your article makes an inappropriate appraisal of the perfectly arranged game of women’s judo. In your preposterous article, you have shown types of unimaginably hostile sexism, identifying with my game. The displaying of your good old conclusions towards ladies being prevailing in a solid game has maddened me. Your absence of comprehension and information for female competitors taking an interest In any game, just make you look thick and misogynist. Being a Judo myself, I have direct understanding of he sport, which places me in a good situation to illuminate that your allegations revolving around the game is in fact, bogus. I am sorry for my discourteous conduct, a Judo Mr.. Earthy colored, is somebody who rehearses Judo as a game, male or female. Unmistakably from your anecdotal untruths referenced in your article you have no critical information on the game not to mention the names of Its expert professionals. I am not actually sure how he could have the huge ability of effectively rankling the whole games network from Just the harsh, foul, misogynist language utilized in the title of your composed piece. The title †a couple of words long and Mr.. Earthy colored has as of now exhibited his shrouded ability of setting off the displeasure in a gathering of female competitors in only a single tick of the distribute button. His negligence towards the game as well as Its competitors have quickly given the content a stooping and watching voice as storyteller, alluding to Judos as â€Å"girls†. I’ll have It known to you Mr.. Earthy colored, that the whole female Olympic judo crew incorporates grown-ups ages 26 or more. He more likely than not been blinded by the â€Å"disturbing† sight of a well known Olympic occasion that comprises of watching â€Å"girls beat each other up†. On the off chance that he is so sincerely â€Å"unsettled† by watching a match, we’re glad to guide him back to his dramas at home. HIS referral to the game utilizing what I consider road slang Infuriates me as the ramifications that no expertise or preparing is required so as to take part in the game. His low class see sickens me, promoting my appall when he thinks about my match between my adversaries as â€Å"two intoxicated ladies slamming ten ringers out of each other†. How could he disrespect this profoundly regarded Olympic game? He is an essayist not a games pundit, so a recommendation for Mr.. Earthy colored, adhere to your own vocation. We don't â€Å"beat† or Have some regard for the responsibility and quality it takes to hold a game like judo. Furthermore, I think that its mind blowing that he can attest that he â€Å"probably solid shockingly sexist†. He has anticipated his own analysis, proposing the way that he is completely mindful that his discriminative brain is inadmissible for communicating his anxiety over a female game, that’s better known for its male professionals. His stooping tone seems as though he accept that everybody will comprehend his thinking. Newsflash Mr.. Earthy colored, we are not all that handily tricked by your endeavor to bring out a family man status for yourself n request to offset and divert the discussion you caused. Stories about his girls have made me wonder, imagine a scenario in which he had children. Would his perspectives be the equivalent? He is just attempting to step into the job of a decent man to evade the analysis he would get; his proficiency gadgets didn't have its consequences for us however right, women? Does he truly consider himself an author? His supposition is antiquated depicting ladies as the more vulnerable, second rate individuals in this general public, portraying our â€Å"soft appendages battered beat up with bruises† after a match. We are much more grounded than you might suspect Mr.. Earthy colored, we can deal with a couple of wounds and scratches yet not at all are our appendages any milder than your office limited appendages. Taking everything into account, as I have brutally contended against Mr.. Brown’s manufactured Judgments on a profoundly respectable Olympic game, my assessments and feeling lie self-evident. I am amazingly horrified and rebuffed by his chauvinist sees and oblivious voice with respect to me as well as my kindred Judos and numerous other female competitors. I trust that I have passed on my message over that women’s Judo is unquestionably more ability related and good than what gets a washed together, misogynist writer’s eyes. Instructions to refer to Women’s Judo Debate, Papers

Spring Break 2018 SIPA Capstone Workshop Roundup COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Spring Break 2018 SIPA Capstone Workshop Roundup COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Are you following @Columbia.SIPA on Instagram yet?  SIPA students Rui Li (MIA 19) and Olivia Haas (MIA 19) will be leading a live tour of the  SIPA building tour and Seeples QA on Wednesday!  Join us on Instagram on April 4th at 8am EST and if thats too early, well be answering questions all day, so DM us. This week we did an Instagram roundup of SIPA students Spring Break activities many put their learning into practice for their Capstone workshops. Here’s where their consulting projects brought them: Peru I am a part of a capstone team that is working with the Peruvian Ministry of Education, building a feasibility study to navigate ways of implementing offline educational technology into rural schools.  This photo was taken in Anta, Cusco, Perú at a public primary multigrado school. In Peru, there is a huge emphasis on incorporating technology and robotics into primary and secondary education. In the photo are three 8-year-old girls showing me how to use a computer-based LEGO program that teaches children how to build robots. It was amazing to see, even in the most rural zones of Cusco, that this technology generation is making a significant impact and kids are effortlessly excelling in technology-based learning. Justine LaVoye, MPA-DP 19 Mexico Consulting for the Mexican Energy Regulatory Commission, this SIPA capstone team is working on incentivizing more clean energy production for electricity in Mexico. Costa Rica View this post on Instagram Our professional career as international film documentarians begins in Costa Rica. Interviewing the Minister of Environment and rainforest conservation activists for our up and coming audio-video case study for our grad capstone. Feeling mucho profesh. #costarica #SIPAcapstone #ColumbiaSIPA A post shared by Julie Tumasz (@julietumasz) on Mar 10, 2018 at 9:34am PST This SIPA capstone team worked with Engage Globally and the Monteverde Conservation League. Haiti View this post on Instagram What I witnessed and experienced in Haiti the past couple of weeks is stuff I’d remember for the rest of my life. The sea of houses on the mountains of Port au Prince is quite the spectacle. Makes me cringe at the thought of what could be of the restavéks here in the city. Restavéks are children from low income households who are sent away to ‘richer’ households in the hope that they get educated and get the chance to lead a better life than their parents. Obviously, this is an institutionalized form of slavery and child trafficking in Haiti today with the locals believing 1 in 5 kids end up as restavéks in their life. All of this is the result of families in the Caribbean island falling into a poverty trap worsened by natural disasters. All the Caribbean countries, all of them and not just ones with picture perfect beaches and fancy resorts, need attention, support and most importantly, investment. #Haiti #PortAuPrince #restavek #restavekfreedom #freetheslaves

Catcher in the Rye-Holdens Relationship with Women

Holden’s Relationship with Women The novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J. D. Salinger is about a 17-year-old boy named Holden. Holden gets in a very bad condition after his younger brother Allie dies from Leukemia. He gets mentally ill and suffers from serious depression. Holden goes through tough times in which he has a lot of trouble finding friends and keeping good relationships. Relationship and sexuality are big motifs in the novel, which come up very often. Holden is always on the look for a new friend but he always turns away in the last moment. When Holden interacts with women in the novel, he is very different than when he interacts with men. The women characters in the book all are very important because they represent and†¦show more content†¦It is very disturbing that he says â€Å"sex appeal† instead of â€Å"beauty† because it really shows what his thinks of her. He starts flirting with her and says many lies to get her interested. Later on he says, â€Å"Then I real ly started chucking the old crap around†¦ I had her glued to her seat†(50). Once again he is very disrespectful and rude and it is also very inappropriate to think like that to a mother of a classmate. On the other hand, he is very generous to the nuns that he meets on the train to Manhattan. It is very surprising when Holden does so many nice things to them such as pick up their basket, respect their beliefs and talk very gently because before he kept complaining about everything. Holden acts like a real gentleman, which could be because he sees the innocence in them. Holden admires them for trying to help others because later on in the novel the reader finds out that he wants to protect children from danger. During on point he says to them, â€Å"To tell you the truth, it was sort of embarrassing, in a way, to be talking about Romeo and Juliet with her. I mean that play gets pretty sexy in some parts, and she was a nun and all, but she asked me, so I discussed it with her for a while†(100). This is the only time that he is uncomfortable talking about sexual things because he respects that they are nuns and does not want to say something impolite. Holden even donates a lot of money when they did not ask for any and afterShow MoreRelatedCatcher in the Rye-Holdens Relationship with Women1517 Words   |  7 PagesHolden’s Relationship with Women The novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J. D. Salinger is about a 17-year-old boy named Holden. Holden gets in a very bad condition after his younger brother Allie dies from Leukemia. He gets mentally ill and suffers from serious depression. Holden goes through tough times in which he has a lot of trouble finding friends and keeping good relationships. Relationship and sexuality are big motifs in the novel, which come up very often. Holden is always on the look forRead MoreAnalysis Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye 1074 Words   |  5 PagesJournal Responses Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye has been pronounced a literary classic for its atypical portrayal of adolescence, to effectively convey the protagonist’s alienation and confusion. The introduction of The Catcher in the Rye is underpinned by disorder and confusion through a stream-of-consciousness narration, which digresses from one subject to another. Consequently, Holden’s multitudinous thoughts and feelings appear to lack a cohesive pattern. Additionally, Holden’s prevalentRead MoreHolden Caulfield of Catcher In the Rye, the equivalent portrayal of J.D Salinger1734 Words   |  7 PagesHolden Caulfield of Catcher In the Rye, the equivalent portrayal of J.D Salinger Jerome David â€Å"J.D† Salinger’s masterpiece, The Catcher in the Rye, is a world to the disillusioned protagonist Holden Caulfield. The story follows Holden Caulfield following his eviction from his private school, Holden leaves school two days early to travel New York before returning home. He interconnected with many different folks along the way and fascinatingly, the character of Holden Caulfield holds a remarkableRead MoreShould Banned Be Banned? A High School Curriculum?1603 Words   |  7 Pagesgruesome, yet extremely realistic portrayal of life. Among the novels that have been banned is The Catcher in The Rye, written by J.D Salinger, which describes the idiosyncratic ideals of sixteen year old mischief-maker, Holden Caulfield, and recounts the days following his suspension from Pencey University. In spite of the repetitive presence of sexual content and references it contains, The Catcher In The Rye should be included in all high school curriculums as it a llows students to provoke deeper thoughtRead MoreAmerican Library Association Vs. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1230 Words   |  5 Pages J.D. Salinger’s, The Catcher in the Rye, holds the honor of appearing on â€Å"Time† magazine’s 2010 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923 (Lacayo). In contrast, the American Library Association (ALA) notes that the novel also holds the dubious honor of being the tenth most challenged book in the United States from 1990 to 1999. In 2001, 2005, and 2009 the book again made the ALA top ten most frequently challenged book list (Banned and Challenged Books). In the lightRead MoreEssay about J.D. Salingers Development of Holden Caulfield1174 Words   |  5 Pages J.D. Salinger’s character development of Holden Caulfield has been affected by Salinger’s complications in his school life, devastating past relationships, and overwhelming traumatic events during his pre-The Catche r in the Rye adulthood. J.D. Salinger’s school life had many significant events that are shown through Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye. In the novel, the 17-year-old Holden Caulfield leaves Pencey Prep. In chapter one, Holden states â€Å"...I’d just got back from New York withRead MoreAmerican Literature And Ways They Cultivate Their Own Methods Of Survival Within Their Societies1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfind purpose as an adult. J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye follows anti-hero Holden Caulfield through a seemingly innocuous trip in New York City. Throughout his journey, Holden tries desperately to interact with others but often finds himself alienated; in this way, Salinger portrays him more as an outsider, always staring with his nose pressed up against the glass, as opposed to a rebel actively revolting against society. However, Holden has a great irony about him: he wants to establishRead MoreDiscussion Questions To Consider From The Catcher In The Rye1494 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Discussion Questions to Consider from The Catcher in the Rye 1. The Catcher in the Rye centers on a young man – can women relate to this novel, too? What about Holden is gender-specific, and what is common to all teenagers? Women can relate Common to all teenagers Rebellious nature Negative thoughts Feeling inferiority Illusion of Future Curiosity Not belonging Gender-specific Not as impulsiveness as girls 2. Let’s talk about the ending to the Catcher in the Rye. Is it optimistic? Negative? Gloomy?Read MoreAnalysis Of Laura Palmer By Bastille / Running Away From Pencey Prep1329 Words   |  6 Pagesscene in Catcher in the Rye where Holden ran away from Pencey Prep, thoroughly finished with the â€Å"morons† there. Pencey, the last school Holden attended, was full of phonies according to Holden. Although he did not like the people at Pencey, the school provided a generally stable environment for Holden. After Holden ran away from Pencey, he had three days to kill before the start of the Christmas break when he would have to face his parents. His parents would know â€Å"something was up† if Holden returnedRead MoreReview Of The Perks Of Being A Wallflower 1569 Words   |  7 PagesStephen Chobsky’s novel, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, and J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, are critically acclaimed coming of age stories that documen t the turbulence of adolescence. The protagonists of these novels, Charlie and Holden Caulfield, both encounter common themes in adolescence such as alienation, confusion of sexuality, and loss of innocence. However, although Charlie and Holden share similar experiences in their adolescence, their attitude towards growing up ultimately

Dont Make This Mistake in French Je vais

In English, you can say Im going, and everyone will understand that youre either leaving your current location or are on your way to a new destination that was previously mentioned. In French, however, simply saying Je vais (Im going) is incomplete. You will need to add to it an adverbial pronoun to make it correct. To that end, you have two options. You can either use Jy vais or Je men vais. J’y vais. Going To a Place The little word y often means â€Å"there† and you should use it when you want to say that someone is going somewhere/leaving to go somewhere previously mentioned. For example, when you have been sent on an errand to the grocery store, after getting ready and upon departure, you would say, Im going now. In English, without any additional specification, everyone understands that you are going to the grocery store. Or if someone asks you, Weren’t you going to the bank? When you reply, Yes, I’m going soon, everyone knows that youre talking about the bank. In French, however, you cannot just say Je vais or Oui, je vais bientà ´t. These sentences need something to complete them. For this purpose, we use y as a brief replacement of the destination that has already been mentioned. Tu vas à   la banque? Oui, jy vais bientà ´t. Are you going to the bank? Yes, Im going (there) soon.(After a conversation about the groceries:) Jy vais. Im going. (And everyone knows that y refers to the grocery store.)Jy vais ce soir. Im going there this eveningJe dois y aller. I have to go.  (In this case, y (there) points at a certain destination, your home or another place, but not necessarily known to others. Also, when you say, Je dois y aller, it means that you have to go because of a specific reason, but your friends don’t necessarily need to know what that reason is.) Je m’en vais. Going Away From a Place En has many different uses, but when used as a pronoun, it often replaces nouns that are preceded by the preposition de (from), as in je mange beaucoup de pommes—Jen mange beaucoup (I eat a lot of apples—I eat a lot of them). Similarly, je men vais, which comes from the pronominal idiom sen aller (to go), means that instead of specifying your destination, you are going away from somewhere. Youre simply announcing that you are leaving your current location. For example, instead of saying Je me vais de là   (I am going from there), which is not a frequent expression, in French you would rather say, Je men vais. Or to say Bye, everyone! Im going now, or Im ready. Im going now. you cannot just say Je vais. That would be very awkward. Instead, it would look like this: Au revoir tout le monde. Je men vais. Bye, everyone! Im going now.Je suis prà ªte maintenant, Je men vais. Im ready. Im going now.Tu devrais partir bientà ´t. Oui, je men vais. You should leave soon. Yes, I’m going.Il sen va. He is leaving. When Je men vais or Jy vais Are Interchangeable Without too much context, both jy vais and je men vais mean essentially the same thing—Im off/Im leaving. Since y can simply be alluding to your home or to any destination other than your current location, and thus to simply express that you are leaving, without any further specifications, you can use either expression. A plus les amis, Je men vais. See you later friends. Im off / Im leaving / Im going home.A plus les amis, Jy vais. See you later friends. Im off / Im leaving / Im going home.Est-ce que tu vas partir un jour? Je m’en vais. Je m’en vais. Are you ever going to leave? Im going. Im going. (as in leaving from here.)Est-ce que tu vas partir un jour? Jy vais. Jy vais. Are you ever going to leave? Im going. Im going. (as in leaving for a place different than here.) In this last case, the person urging you to leave isn’t necessarily alluding to your destination. The only place they are pointing to with the use of y is away from your current location. This is precisely why en works here as well. Your friend is interested in your departure from the current location, and therefore en (from) can be used here as well.   Confusions With Je vais as Going To On a similar note, in English, you can end a sentence with Im going to or Hes going to as an alternate form of the future tense. People usually use it to indicate that they are or someone else is going to do something that was previously mentioned. Again, in French you will have to complete a sentence like that. Instead of saying je vais or il va, you have to add le faire (which means do it) to it, as in je vais le faire or il va le faire. For example: Tu devrais lire ce livre. Je vais le faire. You should read this book. Im going to.Il devrait reculer un peu lorsque le train arrive. Il va le faire.  He should back up a little when the train comes. Hes going to (do it). Other Uses of Je Vais With Location. Current or Near Future Travel Je vais en France. Im going to France. / Im on my way to Paris. Je vais à   Paris. Im going to Paris / Im on my way to Paris. Il va en pà ¨lerinage à   la Mecque. He is going on a pilgrimage to Mecca. / He is on a pilgrimage to Mecca. With Actions. Near Future Je vais partir maintenant. Im going to leave now. Je vais faire la cuisine. I am about to cook. Il va aller au lit. He is going to bed soon. Examples and Expressions with Jy vais, Je men vais y aller Jy vais ce soir.  Im  going there this evening.Quand faut y aller, faut y aller. When youve got to go, youve got to go.Allons-y!  Lets go!  Vas-y! Go on!  On y vas? Are we going?Je dois y aller. I  have  to go.  Ã‚  Tu y vas un peu fort.  Youre going a bit too far.  /  Youre going a bit far.y aller mollo (familiar): to go easy / take it easy  y aller franco: get straight to the point / go right aheady aller franchement: to go at it  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ s'en aller (pronominal) Il est tard, il faut que je men aille.  Its late; I should go.  Ã‚  Va-t-en!  Go away!  Ã‚  Va-ten de là  Ã‚  ! Get away from there !​Je lui donnerai la clà © en men allant.  Ill give him the key on my way out.Tous les jeunes sen vont du village.  All the young people are leaving the village.Ça sen ira au lavage / avec du savon. Itll come off in the wash / with soap.Leur dernià ¨re lueur despoir sen est allà ©e.  Their last glimmer of hope is gone  / has  vanished.Il sen fut trouver le magicien.  He went off  to find the wizard.Je men vais lui dire ses quatre và ©rità ©s  !  (familiar)  Im going to tell her a few home truths !

Managerial Stakeholder Theory Free Essays

Managerial Stakeholder Theory To predict real-life phenomena we need theories. Similarly, stakeholder theory is a theory which is used to explain the phenomena of motivation for corporate social disclosures. This research work is based on the concept of stakeholder theory and its practical applications in predicting the phenomena of corporate social disclosures (van der Laan 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Stakeholder Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further there will be explanation of Managerial stakeholder theory. The concept of stakeholder theory has got popularity among corporate world, managers, media and academics. Concept of Stakeholder management theory is very much related to business ethics and it has dominated the literature of business ethics. In doing business values become a necessary part of the organization and stakeholder theory starts from this assumption. Stakeholder theory explains the behavior of managers towards their stakeholders and also tells us how the managers want to do the business. The theory also clears that what kind of relationship managers want with their stakeholders and what kind of relationship they should have (Aarhus School of Business 2004). There will also be a brief history of stakeholder theory and its role in explaining the motivation for corporate social disclosures. There are two theories which are offered to describe the phenomena of motivation for the corporate social disclosures. First one is managerial stakeholder theory and another is legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory is not our concern here as it says that corporate social disclosures are voluntary in nature and are part of process of legitimating (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). An article â€Å"The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosures: voluntary disclosures v/s solicited disclosure† from the journal â€Å"Australasian accounting business and finance journal† is considered to complete the assessment. The article is a good source of information for the topic stakeholder theory as it is currently written. This is a highly reliable article as it is taken from the journal which is a journal of university of Sydney. The article covers all the information which is required to complete this assessment. It explains the concept of corporate social disclosures in detail and how it is motivated by the theories like stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory. Accuracy of the article is excellent as it is easily accessible and contacting information of the author is also provided. The author is a highly renowned author in Australia and also is a faculty of economics and business in the University of Sydney (Colorado college community 2012). The phenomenon which is discussed in this work later is of motivation for corporate social disclosures. Corporate social disclosures are primarily voluntary in nature as it tells the stakeholders of an organization about the internal information of the organization. Stakeholders are the important part of the organization and they should have the information about the organization. But today corporate social disclosures are not voluntary every time as there are companies which keep their stakeholder away from the information which can affect them. Stakeholders like NGO’s, regulatory agencies, fund managers who are directly or indirectly associated with the organization are demanding the social information from the companies and thus increasing the social responsibilities of the companies (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). This is how the concept of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into existence. Due to this confusion around disclosure principles we have a big area of research. According to Freeman the definition of Stakeholder is â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization. Shareholders also come under stakeholders group as they are the important part of the organization. Shareholders are also affected by the firm’s success or failure just like customers, suppliers, employees and local community. In general the idea of the stakeholder theory is about the conceptualization of the organization i. e. how an organization should be. Friedman has said that à ¢â‚¬Å"the organization itself should be thought of as grouping of stakeholders and the purpose of the organization should be to manage their interests, needs and viewpoints. A manager’s responsibility is to manage the corporation for the benefit of its stakeholder so that they can insure their rights and participation in decision making. Management of an organization is just like an agent for the stakeholders which ensures the survival of the firm (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). The definition of stakeholder and its relationship with management; purpose of the organization and its behavior towards the stakeholders; role of the managers towards the stakeholders; these things have got changed over the time and are very confusing. For example the father of stakeholder theory Freeman himself changed the definition of stakeholder. In one of his latest publication he defines stakeholder as â€Å"those groups who are vital to the success and survival of the corporation. † In his other latest publication he states that â€Å"The principle of stakeholder recourse. Stakeholder may bring an action against the directors for failure to perform the required duty of care. † In all we can say that the concept of stakeholder theory needs to be studied thoroughly so that we can get a clear picture of the theory (Reed 1999). There are two approaches to the stakeholder theory first one is called as normative approach and the second one is known as descriptive approach. The principles and ideas which are explained above come under normative approach of Stakeholder Theory. Normative approach of stakeholder theory explains the behavior of managers and stakeholders towards organization i. e. how the managers and stakeholders should act and what should be their view on the purpose of the organization. It is all based on some ethical principles. The descriptive approach of the stakeholder theory deals with the actual behavior of the managers and stakeholders towards the organization. This theory is concerned with managers and stakeholders i. e. how they actually view their actions and roles. There is another approach to the Stakeholder theory which is known as Instrumental stakeholder theory which is concerned about how the managers and stakeholders should behave if they want to work on their own interest. In some literature own interest is considered as the objective of the organization i. e. maximization of shareholders wealth and profit maximization of the organization. So in all we can say that generally there are three approaches to the managerial stakeholder theory first normative approach second descriptive approach and the third is Instrumental approach. As the concept of the Stakeholder theory has got popular among organizations resultantly different definitions of the stakeholder has been developed. The question arises what is a Stakeholder? Stanford Research Institute (SRI) defines the stakeholder as â€Å"those groups without whose support organization would cease to exist. † This definition is given in the book of Freeman. After this Freeman gave another definition of the Stakeholder that â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives. † After this Freeman continued to use these definitions in a modified form â€Å"those groups who are vital to the survival and the success of the organizations. So, we can say that there is no a particular definition of stakeholder which is accepted by the entire business community but yes, they use it according to their needs. Now when the definition of stakeholder is clear the other question comes in front of us and that is who the stakeholders are? We can classify the stakeholders in group of people who are associated with the organization. The main groups of stakeholders are: Customers, Employees , Local Communities, Suppliers and Distributers and Shareholders. This classification of stakeholders is done by Friedman. He has also considered some other groups as stakeholders in addition, these groups are: The media, the public in general, business partners, future generations, past generations (founders of the organization), academics, competitors, NGO’s or activists, stakeholder representatives such as trade unions or trade associations of suppliers or distributors, financiers other than stockholders (debt holders, bond holders and creditors), government, regulators and policymakers. After the classification of the stakeholder there are some other sub classifications such as media will be categorized as Print media, Television, radio. Similarly, other classifications are having their sub categories and definitions (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). If we talk about the history of the stakeholder theory, it came into existence in the mid of 1980. The person who gave this theory to the world is Richard Edward Freeman. The credit of the popularization of stakeholder concept goes to Freeman. The title of his work is Strategic Management and only the subtitle is A Stakeholder Approach and came out in 1984. The concept of stakeholder of Freeman was done on the perspective of company. He built on the process work of Ion Mitroff, Richard Mason, and James Emshoff. The word stakeholder came from research work in Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1960. After this the concept of stakeholder was heavily influenced by the planning department of the Lockheed Company and these ideas were developed from the researching done by Igor Ansoff and Robert Steward. Dodd said that GEC was already identifying four groups with whom they had to deal with. These four groups were: shareholders, employees, customers and general public. After this in 1990’s Johnson and Johnson added one more group to this category and this group was of managers. Further the concept of stakeholder theory got modified by Friedman and is still on the way of modification. Theories and frameworks which were traditional were not efficient enough to help managers to develop new strategic directions. Freeman says that the old theories were not consistent with the quality and kind of change which were taking place in the environment of 1980’s. In Freeman’s word it was not enough to solve the calls for increased productivity using the methods from Japan or Europe. According to Freeman, â€Å"The emergence of new groups, events and issues which cannot be readily understood within the framework of an existing model or theory†¦ It makes us uncomfortable because it cannot be readily assimilated into the relatively more comfortable relationships with suppliers, owners, customers and employees†¦ It originates and the murky area labeled environment and affects our ability cope with internal changes. † Freeman made his view of the firm as a common hub and managers were not mentioned in this hub as they work within the firm so they will automatically be included in the hub (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). The word Stakeholder was chosen by Freeman on the basis of the traditional word Stockholder. Stockholder is a word which takes only a look on the economic point of view but Stakeholder considers a group of people who can affect or can get affected by the achievement of the organization’s objective. Means stakeholder is a broader term and stockholder is a narrower term which can come under stakeholder. Now we will be discussing Normative, Descriptive and Instrumental theories of stakeholder separately. The aim of normative approach of the stakeholder theory is to understand the moral or philosophical guidelines linked to the activities or the management of the corporations. In descriptive approach we consider the behavior of the managers towards the stakeholders, means how they deal with the stakeholders. On the other hand instrumental approach study the organizational consequences of taking into account stakeholders in management examining the connections between the practice of stakeholder management and the achievement of various corporate governance goals. Normative theory is the core of the stakeholder theory. It answers the questions like what are the responsibilities of the companies in respect of the stakeholders. And why should companies take care of others interests than the shareholder’s interests. Many authors accept that relationships between the firm and the stakeholders are based on the moral commitments and normative approach deals with the same. Freeman and Evan gave their normative theory based on the definition of stakeholder that â€Å"those groups who are vital to the survival and success of the corporation. These groups involve customers, employees, suppliers, communities, shareholders and managers. Evan and Freeman proposed two principles: Principle of corporate legitimacy and the stakeholder fiduciary principle. The first principle says that the company should be managed for the benefits of its stakeholders and also stakeholders must participate in decision making. The second principle states that management must act as an agent of the stakeholders for the welfare of the stakeholders and to insure the survival of the firm. After this there were other principles developed by Freeman in normative approach e. g. The principle of entry and exit, the principle of governance, the principle of externalities, the principle of contracting costs, the agency principle and the principle of limited immortality (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). Off course these principles are having their particular definitions. After normative approach if we discuss about analytical approach of the stakeholder theory then we must notice that it is the combination of instrumental and descriptive approach. This analytical approach was proposed by Donaldson and Preston. The analytical theory answers the question: how to organize into the hierarchy stakeholder’s influence. Let us first discuss Freeman’s theory. He gave two definitions of the stakeholders: â€Å"Group of people who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the organization’s objective. † â€Å"Those groups who are vital to the survival of the organization. † According to the Freeman it is necessary to understand who are those groups who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the objectives of the firm? He said that each MNC should be clear about its stakeholder and for that he suggested following questions: Who are our current and potential stakeholders? What are their interests and rights? How does each stakeholder affect us? How do we affect each stakeholder? How do we keep score with our stakeholder? And many more questions are there in the list. Now when we talk about stakeholder theory and its practical application on corporate social disclosure principles then the theory of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into its existence. According to Gray, â€Å"to place corporate social disclosures in a theoretical context, several broad, overlapping groups of theories concerning information flows between organizations and society have been used. † Theories which are social nd political in nature and deal with the flow of information from companies to the stakeholders are considered more appropriate for the explanation of corporate social disclosures (CSD). Development of the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory is based on the political economy perspective. Even the perspectives for both the theories are same but there are big differences among them. S takeholder theory is recognized when an organization has to deal with its stakeholders at micro – level and legitimacy theory is applied at a conceptual level (Fontaine, Haarman amp; Schmid 2006). Donaldson amp; Preston stated that, â€Å"Stakeholder theory has been advanced and justified on the basis of its descriptive accuracy, instrumental power and normative validity. These three aspects of theory, although interrelated; are quite distinct. They involve different types of evidence and argument and have different implications. † This research work is based on the descriptive aspect of the stakeholder theory because this is the only aspect of stakeholder theory which is applicable to the real world. Mitchell claims that stakeholder theory attempts to articulate a fundamental question in a systematic way: which groups are stakeholders deserving or requiring management attention, and which are not? † So, the descriptive approach of stakeholder theory clearly explains that who are the stakeholder accountable for the organization and in this way practical application of stakeholder theory is required to explain the phenomenon of motivation for corporate social disclosure. Stakeholder analysis requires the identification of the stakeholders who are in the need of information from the organization or we can say that who are the stakeholders having some right to have the information (van der Laan 2009). Also it clears that why these stakeholders require the information and others don’t. While deciding the appropriate group of stakeholders to provide the information and the essential information CSDs results in conflict between stakeholders. There are no sufficient research works available which can clarify the CSD’s concept taking descriptive aspect of stakeholder theory into consideration. Social disclosures are used strategically to manage relationships with stakeholders by influencing the level of external demands originating from many different constituencies. Robert applied the framework of Ullmann and found â€Å"Stakeholder power, Strategic posture and economic performance are significantly related to the levels of CSDs and which is used by organizational managers as a proactive method of managing stakeholders and their organizational environment. † Thus we can say that the descriptive approach of managerial stakeholder theory provides a framework in which we analyze the CSD in a centered way. The only limitation of the theory is that it provides the information of organization to the stakeholders who are really in the need of it. References: Ruebottom, T amp; Crane, A 2011, Stakeholder theory and social identity: Rethinking stakeholder identification, J Bus Ethics, vol. 102, pp. 77-87. Laan, S 2009, The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosure: voluntary disclosure vs ‘solicited’ disclosure, Australasian accounting business and finance journal, vol. , no. 4. Reed, D 1999, Stakeholder management theory: a critical theory perspective, Accessed on 3 august 2012, http://www. yorku. ca/dreed/pdf/Stakeholder-Mgmt-Critical-Theory. pdf Fonatine, C, Haarman, A amp; Schmid, S 2006, The Stakeholder theory, Accessed on 3 August 2012, http://www. yorku. ca/dreed/pdf/Stakeholder-Mgmt-Critical-Theory. pdf Colorado community colleges 2012, five criteria for evaluating web pages, Viewed on 3 August 2012, http://www. ccconline. rg/Library_Resourc es/Evaluating_Sources/Five_Criteria Heath, J amp; Norman, W 2004, Stakeholder theory, corporate governance and public management, Journal of business ethics, vol. 53, pp. 247-265. Reynolds, S, Schultz, F amp; Hekman, D 2006, Stakeholder theory and managerial decision making: constraints and implications of balancing stakeholder interests, Journal of business ethics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 285-301. Phillips, R, Freeman, R, amp; Wicks, A 2003, what stakeholder theory is not, Business ethics quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 479-502. How to cite Managerial Stakeholder Theory, Papers

Beauty (Re)Discovers the Male Body free essay sample

Some authors get pleasure from writing, others give pleasure by writing, and the few who have come quite close to mastering what writing is about, can do both. In Susan Bordo’s â€Å"Beauty (Re)Discovers the Male Body†, I believe that she not only enjoyed writing the piece but also knew she would give others pleasure by writing it. She wrote as a real person with natural feelings, not as a writer simply stating facts about a subject. Bordo meticulously designed the essay in a way that kept the audience excited for what would come next but also enthralled in the current text. She has an interesting writing style that I have not come across before and after reading this essay I am interested in trying to adapt it into my own writing form. Bordo begins the essay by talking about females, which at first may be confusing to the reader until he or she realizes that the information Bordo is giving is essential to understanding why this essay is so important. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty (Re)Discovers the Male Body or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She then goes on to say that though women have been portrayed as sex symbols for years, seeing a man as such for the first time was alarming. I really enjoyed how she told her personal account of the first advertisement she came across instead of just coming out and say there was an ad in a magazine and describing it. Hearing her version of what it looked like and how she physically reacted to it made the point of the essay come across so loudly. If she had been looking through the magazine and saw a woman dressed the same way she probably would not have taken a second look but since it was a man, there was gasping and feelings of shock. This made me think, is it fair that it is expected of women to be advertised like this but for people to act surprised when men are? If that was the point that Bordo was trying to convey, I think that by talking as a person rather than a writer, she did a great job. While reading this essay, I realized that it flowed very nicely even though Bordo jumped from one subject to another. I think this is because even though I wanted to know what she had to say next, I was really interested in what she was saying in the text I was actually reading. Usually, when I read, there are certain paragraphs or even whole pages of text that seems unnecessary and I cannot wait for it to be over so I can get back to what is interesting. In this text though, even though Bordo seemed to drag on about certain things more than others, I thought it was always entertaining. I still have not figured out how she uses this writing tool  but when I do, I think it will be a nice addition to my own writing. Sometimes, when writing, the work seems to do itself. Other times though, it seems as though you must push and push until the piece is completed. I think that Bordo has figured out how to make the piece write itself and get work done. By adding personal accounts and feelings to my essays, as Bordo has done in hers, I think that more often than not the piece with pull itself together and begin to write itself. Bordo does a great job of describing exactly how she feels when she sees something and allows those feelings to come alive in the essay. When it is time to talk about statistics or some historical fact though, she eases along and it is almost as if you did not read something that should have been boring because you were still reeling on what she had said previously about some semi-naked man’s photograph or how she openly talked about feeling erotic from the photograph. I think that if I can begin to write as a person with feelings rather than just stating facts about my writing topic, I will have added a very useful tool to my writing technique.